Quantum Steganography and Quantum Error-Correction

xiv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief History of Quantum Information Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter 2: Quantum Stabilizer Codes 9 2.1 The Stabilizer Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Quantum Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Encoding Unitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chapter 3: The Six-Qubit Code 19 3.